2921 Richmond Street Property History

fig-1
Some of the original lots from the plan of the Village of Richmond superimposed on the 1919 Sanborn fire insurance map. In December 1843 Eli K. Price combined lots 21 (later 2921 Richmond Street) and 22 (later 2920 Melvale Street) and sold the combined 20-x-200-foot lot to John George Schneider. Courtesy of Pennsylvania State University

Development and Early Owners, 1843–1854

In late December 1843, Philadelphia lawyer Eli K. Price sold a 20-x-200-foot lot located on the southeast side of Richmond Street—200 feet northeast of William Street (now East Cambria Street), and extending to Larch Street (now Melvale Street)—to Württemberg-born baker John George Schneider on a ground rent of $40 a year. 1 Schneider, who lived farther up the Delaware River in Bridesburg, owned numerous properties in the Richmond area and sold this particular one in less than a year for a $90 profit to Adam B. Wright. 2 It seems probable that Wright, a 40-year-old house carpenter, constructed a three-story brick dwelling on the property before selling it in November 1846 to Gottlieb Schwarz. 3

Schwarz (also spelled Schwartz), like Schneider, was a native of Württemberg and a baker. In November 1840, Schwarz purchased a house and bakery at the northwest corner of Queen and Vienna Streets (now North Delaware Avenue and East Berks Street) in East Kensington. 4 Schwarz established a successful business here, but in 1846, he rented it out to fellow German baker Henry Brenner, and moved his wife Margaret and their five children north to the house in Port Richmond. 5 Schwarz reestablished his business on the Richmond Street property and constructed a bake house behind the dwelling. 6 Along with his neighbor Thomas Pilson, Schwarz opened an 8-foot-wide alley running the length of the southwest property line, possibly to provide his horse and wagon access to the bake house. 7 Around 1850, Schwarz constructed a two-story frame tenant house on the property, fronting on Larch Street—the last significant alteration to the property during his tenure. For unknown reasons, in May 1851, he sold the property to Augustus Staake for $2,100 and moved his family back to the Queen Street property in East Kensington, where he ran a bakery until shortly before he died in 1867. 8

Augustus Julius Staake was a German baker and a native of the duchy of Brunswick, who had recently moved north to Port Richmond from East Kensington with his wife Adeline and their daughters Henrietta and Sarah. 9 The Staakes had at least two more children—Martha Emma and Charles Augustus—before they subdivided and sold the property in March 1854. After the sale, the Staake family moved to a house on Salmon Street, and Augustus opened a tobacco shop on William Street. 10

The Beck Family’s Bakery, 1854–1886

fig-2
The Beck family’s home and bakery on Richmond Street as depicted on the 1875 G.M. Hopkins City Atlas of Philadelphia, Vol. 4. Courtesy of the Philadelphia Historical Commission

When Augustus Staake divided the property, he split it into two equal lots measuring roughly 20 x 100 feet, with one fronting on Richmond Street and the other on Larch. Württemberg-born baker Thomas Beck purchased the Richmond Street lot for $400, while the Larch Street lot was sold to Anthony Tighe on a $30-per-year ground rent. 11 Beck had immigrated to the United States in about 1848, and in 1850 he was living on Sassafras Street (now Race Street) in Philadelphia with the family of German baker Tobias Riley. 12 Little is known about Beck’s personal life, but it can be presumed he was married to his wife Philippina by the time he purchased the property in Richmond.

A year after Beck had purchased the house, one of the more dramatic incidents in the property’s history occurred. On the morning of March 24, 1855, a fire began in a stable in the rear of Anthony Tighe’s lot and quickly spread to Beck’s stable. Though flames destroyed both stables, Thomas and Philippina avoided injury. Tighe was not so fortunate, and suffered burns to his face while attempting to save his horse, which was so badly burned it had to be put down. 13

Shortly after the fire, Beck transferred the deed into his wife’s name, perhaps for financial reasons, but transferred it back to himself five years later. 14 Around this time, Thomas and Philippina Beck—both about 35 years old—were the only residents of the house, which had recently been given the address 335 Richmond Street. 15 Their family grew at some point in the first half of the 1860s, however, when Gottlieb Hartman began to live with them. Little is known about Hartman or how he came to reside with the Becks. He was born in Pennsylvania in about 1855 to unknown parents, and first entered the historical record in July 1865 when Thomas Beck enrolled him in school. 16 While his relation, if any, to the Beck family is not known, he was raised as their son, and Thomas explicitly referred to him as such in his will. 17

fig-3
Houses on Richmond Street in Bridesburg that Beck constructed as rental properties

In April 1867, Thomas Beck purchased eight lots in the Bridesburg neighborhood of Philadelphia for $1,600. 18 These properties consisted of back-to-back lots on Richmond and Melvale Streets on the block located between Jenks and Kirkbride Streets. By 1875, Beck had erected eight brick homes on the property, which he rented out to tenants. 19 Despite this additional income, Beck continued to operate his bakery, which due to a renumbering on Richmond Street, was now known as 1621 Richmond. 20

By 1875, Gottlieb Hartman was formally assisting Thomas in the bakery, and seems to have continued to do so after he married Aurelia Swank in about 1878 and moved to her family’s home at 1833 Richmond Street. 21 After his marriage, Gottlieb’s life seems to have become more and more unstable. He is listed in city directories in the early 1880s as a glue maker and a laborer, though he may also have been the mysterious “George Beck” listed as a baker at 1621 Richmond in addition to Thomas Beck in the 1883 and 1884 editions. 22

fig-4
2921 Richmond Street around the time the Beck family departed, as shown on the 1886 G.M. Hopkins Atlas of the City of Philadelphia, 25th Ward. Courtesy of the Map Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia

Around 1885, the family seems to have departed from 1621 Richmond, possibly taking a boarder—carpenter Edward Herrick—in their final years at the property. 23 Thomas Beck ceases to be listed in the directories, though he and Philippina may have briefly resided at nearby 2735 Ann Street, where she died and was buried from in August 1889. 24 Thomas Beck’s subsequent whereabouts are unknown, though he may have remarried. 25 Gottlieb and Aurelia Hartman—who had two surviving children at this time—lived with Aurelia’s father at times and moved frequently around the neighborhood, residing in no less than eight different houses between 1884 and 1897. 26 Gottlieb had also left the baking profession for good by 1892, and was eventually employed as a watchman, a profession sometimes given to men no longer capable of doing physical labor. 27 Around 1899, Gottlieb either died or became estranged from his wife, who moved to the East Kensington neighborhood with her children. 28

The Wendt Family’s Bakery, 1886–1892

fig-5
Charles Wendt and his wife Louisa in the early twentieth century. Courtesy of the Wendt Family

Though the extended Beck family may have moved away from the property—which due to another renumbering was now known as 2921 Richmond Street—the bakery remained in the hands of Germans and German Americans. Around 1886, Charles Wendt, the 26-year-old son of German immigrants, took over the bakery. 29 Wendt ran the bakery for around four years or so, possibly residing on the property with his wife Louisa and son William, before moving across the neighborhood in 1890 to a bakery he purchased at 2957 Frankford Avenue. 30 The bakery at 2921 Richmond may have been left in the hands of a relative, William Wendt, while a number of tenants occupied the residence. 31 It was during the time of this latter Wendt that a second known fire struck the property. At 11:45 p.m. on August 4, 1892, lard boiled over in the bakery and caught fire. Though no one was injured, the fire caused over $2,500 in damage and possibly forced the business to close, as the bakery was not listed in the directories again. 32 There may have been one final attempt to rent the business in September 1892, when advertisements were run in the Philadelphia Inquirer for a bakery at 2927 Richmond Street—an address actually occupied by the Richmond Presbyterian Church three doors down. Almost certainly a typo, perhaps the property the advertisement referred to was 2921. 33

fig-6
An unidentified man on the left poses with Charles Wendt and Charles’ son Frank in front of their bakery truck, circa 1920. Courtesy of the Wendt Family

At least two of the tenants during the Wendts’ time—Harry Mielke and John H. Schneider—were ethnically German and had only recently moved to Port Richmond from other parts of Philadelphia. While they possibly moved to the address to work in Wendt’s bakery, it appears that neither stayed long at the address. Little is known about Mielke; he appears to have worked as a clerk and resided at 925 Lombard Street before moving to 2921 in 1889. 34 He seems to have left the address within a year and moved on to locations unknown, possibly leaving Philadelphia.

fig-7
Charles Stewart, circa 1880s. Courtesy of Diana Jankausky

Mielke was followed by Schneider, who had worked as a baker and resided in the Northern Liberties neighborhood of Philadelphia. 35 He moved to Port Richmond in 1890 upon marrying Ida Risley, who lived on Melvale Street. 36 The newly married couple and Ida’s family, which included her mother Sarah, her stepfather Charles Stewart, and her 11-year-old stepbrother William Stewart, moved into 2921. This arrangement did not last, as Sarah Stewart died in July 1890 of cancer. 37 Charles Stewart died a little over a month later of tuberculosis. 38 In early 1891, the Schneiders, now with a child of their own, moved two blocks over to a house at 2969 Clifton Street (now Tilton Street), and John found work as a streetcar conductor. 39 The whereabouts of Ida’s stepbrother William are unknown, but it is possible he was living with the family of his maternal uncle, Joseph Cowell, as he was in 1900. 40

The Scandinavian Families and Chinese Laundries, 1895–1911

fig-8
2921 Richmond Street as depicted on the 1895 Bromley atlas. Courtesy of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia

The next known tenant on the property was Alexander Edstrand, a mariner listed at the address in the 1896 directory, but who may have resided there for several years prior. 41 By late 1896, Edstrand had moved to a house on Ann Street and was replaced at 2921 by the Hansen family, consisting of Henry Hansen, his Danish-born wife Amelia, and their several children. 42 In addition to this nuclear family, it seems that a young widow by the name of Hansen, possibly a sister-in-law of Henry’s, lived with the family for a time. 43 Henry was the captain of the barque Salina, which sailed between Philadelphia and Greenland transporting cargos of the mineral cryolite, used in the aluminum industry and the production of opaline glass. 44

The family’s few years at 2921 were marked with repeated tragedy. In January 1897, Henry and Amelia’s seven-week-old son Julius died of pneumonia. 45 Then, a year and a half later in June 1899, their 11-month-old son Alex died of cholera while Henry was away on one of his voyages to Greenland. 46 Just over two weeks later, Amelia died of appendicitis, necessitating the help of neighbors in the care of the two remaining Hansen children until their father’s return in mid-August 1899. 47 According to a somewhat fantastical story published in the Philadelphia newspaper The Times, while the Salina was returning to Philadelphia, it happened upon a lifeboat with the body of a sailor lying in it. Henry Hansen was allegedly greatly upset at this sight, and took it as a foreboding omen. 48

fig-9
Newspaper illustration of Henry Hansen’s ship encountering a lifeboat with a dead sailor. Courtesy of newspapers.com, an ancestry.com website. “Phantom Death Sailed to Warn Captain Hansen,” Times (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 18 August 1899, p. 5, cols. 5-7.

The remaining members of the Hansen family did not move back into 2921 Richmond, and were replaced by the Didricksons. The family—composed of 38-year-old Swedish immigrant millwright John Didrickson, his 34-year-old Danish wife Christina, and their children Anna, Mary, Ida, Julia, John, and Christina—moved from Arcadia Street in what is now the Juniata Park neighborhood of Philadelphia to 2921 Richmond in the autumn of 1899. 49 The dozen years the family spent at the address was punctuated with the loss of two of the Didrickson children. A little over a year after they moved into the house, the youngest child, Christina, died of diphtheria. 50 In February 1906, the eldest child, Anna, who was employed in a hosiery mill at Janney Street and Allegheny Avenue, died of typhoid. 51 The Didrickson family remained at 2921 Richmond until 1911, when they moved around the corner to a house at 2725 Ann Street. 52

Residing at 2921 Richmond at the same time as the Didrickson family were a number of Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans employed in the laundry business. Though they were never listed in the directories, several individuals were enumerated in the census between 1900 and 1920: Lee Sing in 1900, Louis Lee in 1910 and 1920, Louis Wif in 1910, and Jung Chee (also known as Jung Lee) in 1920. 53 It is not known whether these individuals all worked onsite, but it seems likely due to a 1910 newspaper want ad Louis Lee placed in seeking an African American woman for washing at 2921 Richmond. 54 A ground-floor laundry with a separate residence located above it would also fit with the ad the young widow Hansen ran in 1896, which noted that she resided on the second floor. 55 In November 1921, Jung Chee purchased the neighboring 2923 Richmond Street and opened a laundry that seems to have closed within three years, though it may have been associated with the laundry operated across the street at 2920 Richmond into the 1960s. 56

The Olszewski Family and the Final Decades, Circa 1910–1966

fig-10
2921 Richmond Street and the surrounding properties as depicted on the 1919 Sanborn fire insurance map. Courtesy of Pennsylvania State University

Thomas Beck, who had been living with his daughter-in-law Aurelia since about 1909, died in March 1912. 57 He left the entirety of his estate to Aurelia, including 2921 Richmond Street and his properties in Bridesburg. 58 Aurelia, who was then living at 2517 Norris Street on the southern edge of Port Richmond, seems to have been in a poor financial situation, as she was widowed, unemployed, and caring for her orphaned granddaughter Ethel Hartman. 59 She mortgaged the properties for $2,500 in August 1915; in 1918, her mortgagees seized the Bridesburg properties. 60 Next seized was 2921 Richmond, which was sold at sheriff’s sale to its mortgagee, the John Sobieski Building and Loan Association, in early 1921. 61  The building and loan divested itself of the property at the end of June 1922, selling it to Vincent Domanski, who in turn sold it to Kazimierz and Aniela Olszewski in May 1923. 62

Kazimierz (also known as Casimir or Charles) and Aniela (also known as Nellie or Angeline) had immigrated to the United State from Poland in 1913 with their young daughters Jadwiga (also known as Ida) and Irene.  Once in the United States, the family settled in Philadelphia and had at least four more children—Casimir, Joseph (also known as Teddy), Jennie, and Matthew. 63 Though he was working as a baker in 1920, Kazimierz seems to have lost his job shortly thereafter. He initially sold birds at 2921 to make a living, but kept seeking a bakery position, running newspaper ads looking for work and highlighting his skill with bread, rolls, and sweet dough. 64 By 1930, he was employed in a bakery, likely the Richmond Bakery on Richmond Street near East Clearfield Street. 65 In that year, the census records Kazimierz and Aniela living at 2921 with their children, Ida’s husband John Redwanowksi, and Ida and John’s infant son Eugene. 66 Redwanowski, who seems to have Anglicized his name to Reynolds, ran a malt shop at the address beginning in about 1929, when his father-in-law closed the bird store. The shop was still listed in the 1935 directory, though John and Ida were no longer living on the premises, having moved to a house on North 11th Street. 67

Though they were missed in the enumeration for the 1940 census, the Olszewski family continued to reside at 2921 Richmond until at least September 1945, when Irene Olszewski was married. 68 Less than a year later in June 1946, Kazimierz and Aniela sold the property to John and Helen Domeraski for $5,650. 69 The Domeraskis, who moved to Maple Shade, New Jersey, sold the property in turn to Roman and Frances Ziajka in December 1955 for $6,000. 70 The Ziajkas were the final owners of 2921 Richmond Street before it was demolished in the early 1960s for the construction of Interstate 95. 71

References

  1. Philadelphia County Deed Book GWC 106:251, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  2. “1850 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for (John) George Schneider, Borough of Bridesburg, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Office of County Commissioners, County Tax Assessment Ledger for Richmond District, 1849, p. 207, John Geo. Snyder, TX 135, Record Group 1.9, Philadelphia City Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Philadelphia County Deed Book GWC 13:171, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed November 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web; GWC 106:253, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  3. “1850 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Adam Right (Wright), Richmond District, Philadelphia County, Pa.; Philadelphia County Deed Book GWC 106:255, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  4. “1850 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Gutlip Swartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), Richmond District, Philadelphia County, Pa.; Philadelphia Co. Deed Book GS 22:174, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed August 2013, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  5. A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1842, subscription database accessed March 2014, https://www.fold3.com; entry for G. Schwartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), p. 235; ibid. 1844, G. Schwartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), p. 277; ibid. 1845, G. Schwarz, p. 316; ibid. 1846, G. Schwarz, p. 316; ibid. 1847, Geo. Brenner, and Henry Brenner, p. 36; ibid. 1848, Henry Brenner, p. 37, Got’b. Schwartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), p. 313; “1850 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Gutlip Swartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), Richmond District, Philadelphia County, Pa ↩
  6. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Office of County Commissioners, County Tax Assessment Ledger for Richmond District, 1849, p. 102, Gotleip Scwartz (Gottlieb Schwarz), TX 135, Record Group 1.9, Philadelphia City Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  7. Philadelphia County Deed Book GWC 106:257, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web; “Ranaway,” advertisement, Public Ledger (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), January 14-15, 1842, p. 3, Newspapers.com, subscription database accessed November 2013, http://www.newspapers.com ↩
  8. Philadelphia County Deed Book GWC 106:258, “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web; McElroy, Philadelphia Directory for 1852, entry for Gottlieb Schwarz, p. 390; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia City Directory for 1865, “Philadelphia City Directories,” subscription database accessed March 2014, https://www.fold3.com; entry for Gottlieb G. Schwartz (Schwarz), p. 600; “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed October 2013, https://familysearch.org; entry for G. Swartz Or Sworts (Gottlieb Schwarz), 1867 ↩
  9. McElroy, Philadelphia Directory for 1850, Augustus Staake, p. 394; ibid. 1851, Augustus Staake, p. 402; ibid. 1852, Augustus Staake, p. 418; “1860 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for August (Augustus Julius) Staake, 19th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
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  11. William H. Boyd, comp, Boyd’s Philadelphia City Business Directory for 1860 “Philadelphia City Directories,” subscription database accessed March 2014, https://www.fold3.com; entry for Thomas Bik (Beck), p. 44; Philadelphia County Deed Book TH 133:531; “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web; TH 145:267; “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  12. McElroy, Philadelphia Directory for 1850, Tobias Riley, p. 350; ibid. 1851, Tobias Riley, p. 357; “1850 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Thomas Becks (Beck), North Mulberry Ward, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; “1910 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Thomas Beck, 31st Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  13. “Fire,” North American and United States Gazette (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), March 26, 1855, p. 1, Genealogy Bank, subscription database accessed June 2014, http://www.genealogybank.com; “Fire,” (Philadelphia) Pennsylvania Inquirer, March 26, 1855, p. 1, Genealogy Bank, subscription database accessed March 2014, http://www.genealogybank.com; “Fire,” Public Ledger, March 26, 1855, p. 2, Newspapers.com, subscription database accessed June 2014, http://www.newspapers.com ↩
  14. Philadelphia County Deed Book RDW 19:214; RDW 19:215; ADB 110:372; ABD 110:374; “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  15. McElroy, Philadelphia City Directory for 1860, Thomas Beck, p. 1115; ibid. 1861, Thomas Beck, pp. 52 & 1107, Thomas Beck; “1860 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Thos. Bick (Beck), 19th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  16. “1870 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Thomas Beck, enumeration district 81, 24th (25th) Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; “Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Church and Town Records, 1708-1985,” Ancestry.com subscription database accessed January 2015, http://ancestry.com; entry in “School Register: 1862-1890” for Gottleip (Gottlieb) Hartman, January 3, 1865 ↩
  17. Philadelphia County Will 1912:831 ↩
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  20. James Gopsill, comp., Gopsill’s Philadelphia City Directory for 1868, “Philadelphia City Directories,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.fold3.com; entry for Thomas Beck, baker, p. 205 ↩
  21. Gopsill, Philadelphia City Directory for 1875, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 673; ibid. 1877, Gottlieb Hartmann (Hartman), p. 649; ibid. 1878, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 689; ibid. 1881, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 723, Daniel Swank, waterman, h 1833 Richmond, p. 1594; “1880 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Gotlieb (Gottlieb) Hartman, enumeration district 0523, 25th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  22. Gopsill, Philadelphia City Directory for 1882, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 689; ibid. 1883, George Beck, baker, p. 157, Thomas Beck, p. 158, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 709; ibid. 1884, George Beck, baker, Addenda to Additions, Corrections & Removals, 157, Thomas Beck, p. 157, Gottlieb Hartmann (Hartman), p. 708 ↩
  23. James Gopsill’s Sons, comp., Gopsill’s Philadelphia City Directory for 1885, “Philadelphia City Directories,” subscription database accessed April 2014, https://www.fold3.com; entry for Gottlieb H. Hartman, p. 779, Edward Herrick, p. 815; ibid. 1886, Gottlieb H. Hartman, p. 749 ↩
  24. “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed October 2014, https://familysearch.org; entry for Philippine (Phillippina) Beck, August 10, 1889 ↩
  25. “1910 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Aurelia Hartman, 31st Ward, Philadelphia, Pa ↩
  26. “1900 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Aurelia Hartman, enumeration district 0355, 18th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed December 2014, https://familysearch.org; entry for Thomas B. Hartman, July 4, 1881; “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed February 2015, https://familysearch.org; entry for Philippine (Phillippina) Hartman, February 13, 1883; Gopsill, Philadelphia City Directory for 1884, Gottlieb Hartmann (Hartman), p. 708; Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1885, Gottlieb H. Hartman, p. 779; ibid. 1886, Gottlieb H. Hartman, p. 749; ibid. 1888, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 773; ibid. 1889, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 787; ibid. 1890, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 813; ibid. 1891, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 803; ibid. 1893, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 832; ibid. 1894, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 854; ibid. 1897, Gottlieb Hartman, p. 854 ↩
  27. Gregory Wood, Retiring Men: Manhood, Labor, and Growing Old in America, 1900-1960 (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2012), 35 ↩
  28. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1900, Aurelia Hartman, p. 971, Harry Hartman, tinsmith, p. 972; ibid. 1901, Aurelia Hartman, p. 1079; ibid. 1902, Harry Hartman, tinsmith, p. 1047; ibid. 1903, Aurelia Hartman, p. 1102, Henry (Harry) Hartman, tinsmith, p. 1103 ↩
  29. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1887, Charles Wendt, p. 1778; “1900 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Charles Wendt, enumeration district 0609, 25th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  30. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1888, Charles Wendt, p. 1818; ibid. 1889, Charles Wendt, baker, p. 1872; ibid. 1890, Charles Wendt, baker, p. 1932; ibid. 1891, Charles Wendt, baker, 2957 Fkd av, p. 1964; Philadelphia County Deed Book GGP 631:447; “Historical Land and Vital Records,” subscription database accessed December 2014, https://www.phila-records.com/historic-records/web ↩
  31. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1892, Charles Wendt, baker, and William Wendt, p. 2027 ↩
  32. Second Annual Message of Edwin S. Stuart, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, with Annual Reports of the Director of the Department of Public Safety, and Chief of the Bureau of Fire for the Year ending December 31, 1892 (Philadelphia: Dunlap Printing Co., printer, 1893), p. 136, Record Group 74.1, Philadelphia City Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  33. “2110 N. 3D, 8 R. and Bath…,” advertisement, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Inquirer, September 2, 5, 11-12, 14-15, 1892, p. 6, Genealogy Bank, subscription database accessed December 2014, http://www.genealogybank.com; “2931 Fairhill…$16.00…,” advertisement, Philadelphia Inquirer, September 17 and 19 September 1892, p. 6, Genealogy Bank, subscription database accessed December 2014, http://www.genealogybank.com ↩
  34. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1888, Harry Mielke, p. 1229; ibid. 1890, Harry Mielke, p. 1301 ↩
  35. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1889, John H. Schneider, p. 1586; ibid. 1890, John Schneider, baker, 959 St. John, p. 1636; ibid. 1891, John H. Schneider, p. 1656 ↩
  36. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1889, Charles Stewart, cook, p. 1713; ibid. 1890, Charles Stewart, steward, p. 1767; 1880 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for Charles Stewart, enumeration district 0525, 25th Ward, Philadelphia, Pa.; “Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Marriage Index, 1885-1951,” Ancestry.com subscription database accessed December 2014, http://ancestry.com; entry for John Hermann Schneider, 1890, License Number 32761 ↩
  37. “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed November 2014, https://familysearch.org; entry for Sarah A. Stewart, July 13, 1890; “Sarah A. Stewart,” death notice, Times (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), July 15, 1890, p. 5, Newspapers.com, subscription database accessed April 2014, http://www.newspapers.com ↩
  38. Atlantic County, New Jersey Death Certificate 1890:5105; “Charles Stewart,” death notice, Philadelphia Inquirer, September 3, 1890, p. 6, Genealogy Bank, subscription database accessed December 2014, http://www.genealogybank.com ↩
  39. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1892, John H. Schneider, p. 1709; ibid. 1893, John H. Schneider, p. 1725 ↩
  40. 1900 United States Federal Census,” Ancestry.com, subscription database accessed November 2014, http://www.ancestry.com; entry for William Stuart (Stewart), enumeration district 0585, 25th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ↩
  41. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1892, Alexander Edstrand, p. 554; ibid. 1896, Alex Edstrand, p. 558 ↩
  42. Gopsill’s Sons, Philadelphia City Directory for 1896, Harry Hanson (Henry Hansen), mariner, p. 818; ibid. 1897, Alex Edstrand, p. 569, Chas. Hanson (Henry Hansen), p. 834; ibid. 1898, Harry Henson (Henry Hansen), p. 976; ibid. 1899, Harry Hanson (Henry Hansen), p. 953 ↩
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  51. “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed November 2014, https://familysearch.org; entry for Anna Johanna Diedrickson (Didrickson), February 10, 1906; “Annie (Anna) Didrickson,” death notice, Philadelphia Record, February 13, 1906, p. 12, Google News, database accessed November 2014, https://news.google.com/newspapers?hl=en ↩
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  57. Howe, City Directory of Philadelphia for 1910, Thos. Beck, h 2517 E Norris, p. 186,  Aurelia Hartman, p. 873, Harry Hartman, roofer, p. 874; ibid. 1911, Thos. Beck, h 2517 E Norris, p. 181, Aurelia Hartman, and Harry Hartman, tinsmith, p. 828; ibid. 1912, Thos. Beck, h 2517 E Norris, p. 183, Aurelia Hartman, p. 859; “Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803–1915,” database accessed November 2014, https://familysearch.org; entry for Thomas Beck, March 9, 1912. ↩
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  67. Polk, Philadelphia Directory for 1930, John (Ida) Reynolds, p. 1112; ibid. 1935, John (Ida) Reynolds and John Reynolds, p. 1503 ↩
  68. “Applications for Marriage Licenses in Phila.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, September 18, 1945, p. 13, Old Fulton NY Post Cards, database accessed June 2014, http://www.fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html ↩
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